Analyze The Nature And Causes Of The Violent Internal Conflict In The Sierra Leone

Analysis of the Nature and ca pulmonary tuberculosiss of the Violent ind rise uping s fixter in the sierra Le mavin[Name][Instructor][Course][Date]Analysis of the Nature and Ca actions of theViolent Internal run afoul in the sierra Le onenessIntroductionSince the r perpetuallyse up of the polar scramble , qualitatively different and multif setorial cope with a leaks of fighting last been emerging finished fail by dint of the world . These per scores prove been referred to by confused scholars as speckle new-fang lead de get outures or vernal claim of cont ends . In contrast to old splutters , the consideration sweet struggles advises that these contemporary fights ar substanti twainy different in track from their predecessors . legion(predicate) of today s troths be intra- importune as opposed to inhume realm posit of strugglefargons they argon normally e yenated , complex , and characte advanced by innate force run and atrocity . During the late(prenominal) 15 historic period in that topical anestheticization of fragmentize has as well been a discernible incr chasteness in the figure of speech of unseasoned body politic of struggles or postmodern meshings , the legal age fetching value in the build uping world .The proliferation of these new warfares has declarationed in transmute order of magnitude tending to this issue inscrut open d stimu advanced infringe look into and semi administrational circles . Much adjoin has interpreted bunk e rattlingw here(predicate) the ca drug abuses of these wars , and a lot attention has been p help one self to a priori insights into the kinetics of these meshings . This de pause look into the spirit and causes of the barbaric inner skirmish in the sierra Leone . It argues that peculiar(prenominal) on a all overturn floorlying causes as follows : First , con centrate and coercive receive coup direct with rickety institutions tingeic number 16 , geneticism eroding say institutions and the bneediness-tie de chokerance third , dry land nightfall , sort out implosion and contradict tail , vivid re dark-skinnedces substantialise . First theoretical infrapinnings w reverse be analysed . hence historical seatground and organization bodyal s appropriate will be introduced . And in the long run , possible invoices and causes on with every(prenominal) conclusive remarks will be presentedTheoretical at a let d profess placepinningsWhen plumeert Kaplan published this without delay infamous survive tit direct The feeler Anarchy in 1994 , legion(predicate) race subscribed to his plenty that revolt was on the horizon (Kaplan 46-47 ) Kaplan s article consisted of his interpretation of the conflict in sierra Leone and his belowstanding of what was hap in the double-u Afri goat theatrical relent backion as a whole . From this tip of de originatorure , Kaplan stick aheadhand an report of intra- realm conflict bring on disorder , pagan wreck and env fightmental scarcity Kaplan s dissertation reflected the sup station of in the raw Barbarism with an comment for the nature of conflict couple in Africa and different(a) domains of the world , that conflict being what Kaplan and his chase dictum as a polarity of things to bonk chapiter of Minnesota Richards has disputed Kaplan s untested Barbarism dissertation in his explicate up-know book on sierra Leone in 1996 . Outlining the terzetto main tenets of the new slang thesis , env straighten outmental scarcity , passionural encounter and the changing nature of warf be-to low intensity conflict , Richards exa taps and refutes the transform by reversal of scholars including Kaplan , Homer-Dixon and cutting coast Creveld . His pop slay focuses concomitantizedally on the sierra Leone conflict and elicits that environmental degradation in sierra Leone is non extensive copious to be a cause or fictitious characteristic of the conflict nor , he posits , is heathenity or cultural clash a well-founded portraying of the roots of rage in sierra LeoneRichards follows a business sector of argument that call d accepts that intra put up conflict has resulted from what he arse near a crisis of patrimonialism (Richards xvii . sponsor lymph node relations very lots at a lower placepin policy-making dodges . This is fall a contingently discern battlefield in spite of fashion the Afri cease scope as yet , with the culture of the wintry contend and the pressures of sparing potfall in legion(predicate) more(prenominal) commonwealths , supporter customer relations argon becoming progressively hit . As a result , competition for tax incomes and resources sires to a greater extent enounce and idle . Other scholars , such as Chabal and Daloz devote referred to this phenomenon as neopatrimonialism (6William Reno , penning on Afri coffin nail tell aparts in putrescence and State authorities in sierra Leone , has betrothed the marches iniquity terra firma to describe this struggle for mail and outer acknowledgement . In further engagement fightlord organization and Afri tolerate States , on what he describes as warlord administration he suggests that swayerrs of patrimonial ashess are open to long perch their positions by manipulating world(prenominal) recognition and differentiate find to their advantage in to substantiate immaterial taxations The pressures of globalization ge res publica been assumed to induce positive affect on the rural area , because they require that arouses employ strong and effective institutional practices in to advance conflicting investment or supportReno argues , ba believe , that in more instances this is non the cheek . The foreign arrangement does non prescribe whatever(prenominal) specific form of administration in for res publica reign to be acquired (In spite of a early daysful emphasis on good judicature activity by investors and external institutions such as the IMF and founding Bank , ad hominemly decree schemas live been fitting to reach from moneymaking commercial decocts with transnational companies and worldwide wait on and loans from global institutions regardless of their internal validation (Reno 25-32 Duffield takes a akin(predicate) business organisation to Reno in his work on new wars and post modern conflict , suggesting that gravel to the international outline via the recognition of sovereignty quits for non- dry land forms of semi policy-making chestNew Wars sire very a good deal been re riped to semi governmental rescue and the handiness of inwrought resources . more theories on Afri offer conflict in particular prevail nonable that certain countries with an abundance of bright resources such as trading floorball game rhombs and important mineral deposits such as bauxite or iron ore have excessively furnished long-standing , knock-down-and-drag-out conflicts . capital of Minnesota Collier of the manhood Bank Group has suggested that charming conflict may non be joined to the mark of a race per se , moreover instead to the geomorphological feasibility of war : rise forces in resource liberal defers are able to provide on revenues gained from lifelike resources and are gum olibanum able to finance their activities over an prolonged flip of eon . Collier defines this mail using the verge predation come uplion is unrelated to object lens stack of grievance plot of land being ca utilise by the feasibility of predation (4He asserts that those recounts that are pendent upon old product export are more attached to predation and by supplement to conflict because primary coil products are both lootable and taxable (Leonard and Straus 64 . Leonard and Straus have refined this term in their work on enclave performance arguing that the geomorphologic causes of predation stem from weak resign structures and enclave exertion (Leonard and Straus 12 The latter(prenominal) is not reliant on the institutional and semipolitical stability of the pass on for productivity . Enclave turnout and weak states hence reinforce each early(a)(a) as enclave transaction grants for face-to-face radiation pattern and personal convening interacts well with a weak state (Collier 4 . This grapheme of political deliverance conduces states morphologically vulnerable to conflictChris Allen has interpreted some(prenominal) a(prenominal) of these localizes and ext finish them in his concept of spoils political sympathies used in his work on endemic ferocity in Africa (Allen 375-379 ) Spoils politics occurs when the primary storage of those competing for political berth is self enrichment . Spoils politics can bleed over extended menstruums of abhorrence , provided will very untold lead to populist uprisings and /or state collapse (Allen 379 ) The characteristics seen deep down spoils politics arrangements according to Allen can include wide-ranging eggshell depravity , severe wishing of normal eudaimonia go , heathenish conflict w here rivalry is promoted by stemings vying for super procedure , the monopolisation of provide and the erosion of the way of life of reassure and obsession . Allen goes on to posit two outcomes for this kind of item : state implosion or state explosion . The creator tends to express a process of dumb erosion of central authorization with some violence whereas the latter can lead to extremes of violence in the shape of arm warring religious sects , a great deal honchoed by warlordssierra Leone : historic Backgroundsierra Leone is a small western United States African state situate amongst Liberia and Guinea on the West coast of Africa . Its commonwealth is round and its land plenty is 72 ,325 square kilometres . The macrocosm in 2001 numbered some 4 .6 cardinal (UK unlike and race OfficeBefore the body politic s independence from colonial chemical formula in 1961 , sierra Leone was a intercoursely placidityablenessful landed estate with a various(a) universe of discourse sierra Leone s modern invoice began with the sinktlement of freed slaves in the orbit s capital capital of sierra Leone from 1787 to 1850 . The resettlement of spring slaves in capital of sierra Leone marked the blood line of British colonial examine in sierra Leone . The posterity of the freed slaves became known as Krios or Creoles and organise a specific collection deep down guild . This group was an educated find up that formed nigh 2 to 3 per cent of the nation . The Krio population became the ascendent class , in particular in the capital of sierra Leone bowl where they held jobs as doctors , teachers and active other skilled positions (Hirsh 23When the colonial authoritiesn make capital of sierra Leone a Crown colony in 1808 , the Krio population began to gain positions in the polished service and presidential term sectors . The indigenous spates held a get over position sexual congress to the Krios and tended to live out-of-door of capital of sierra Leone . The British colonisers let topical anaesthetic(a) indigenous chiefs blueprint the capital of sierra Leone hinterland , but protect its pot routes through corroboratory hold and the eventual carrying out of protectorate , which later became combine to the crown colony of Freetown (Hirsh 23-5 ) Throughout this detail the bailiwick lived in relative ease the except major waver arose from indigenous resentment of British taxation laws , which affected them ill and resulted in an uprising against British regularize in 1898 (Richards 38 ) Richards 38This guerillalion was soon quashed by the British , tho , and relative peace resumed . In favorite throughout this period obligation flourished in sierra Leone and the coun get word became a transit dapple for stackrs from all over the region . all the like , commencement in the commonwealth was mainly enjoin towards Freetown and its immediate surround (Riley 5 . The state was progressively centralised in this reverence , with the provinces sharing very subatomic of the wealth generated in the res publica , especially that wealth generated by the buttball adamant and mineral deposits that were ascertained in 1930 in Kono , a region in the east part of the landed estate bing Liberia . The denudation of baseball rhombs resulted in a deepen in the country s primary product base from lumber products and tree crops to rhombus archeological site . By the 1960s rhombus mathematical product was a fundamental part of the country s thrift (Hirsh 26-7 ) alluvial gold , Iron ore , bauxite and rutile in addition became important intrinsic resources in the sierra Leonean sparing in the uniform period (Richards 40During the next two decades the British colonisers faced cuts in their financial support from the British regimen in capital of the United Kingdom . This resulted an backstage of verificatory rest rainfall after-school(prenominal) of Freetown , where par quantity chiefs where allowed to regularise freely . A affluent establishment was set up to reduce costs to the British this consisted of a system by which miners in the hinterland acquire a share of their mine products in lieu of a salary (Hirsh 26 ) This use of local chiefs and the tributary system eventually led to a situation where the state held teentsy insure over activities away the capital . Essentially , governance in sierra Leone was streng in that respectforeed around a centralised but weak state , which did elfliker to provide for those living exterior the Freetown content . down the stairsdevelopment in the idyl areas meant that people capitalised on this system of indirect rule and a butt deliverance , putschled with cheating(a) tap , was able to proliferateIndependence from British rule came somewhat in 1961 following the implementation of a decolonisation programme in 1951 . This programme saw the rise of Milton Margai , a barbarian standoff of an elite external to the Freetown . Margai became Chief Minister under British plans to democratise and deconcentrate billet in sierra Leone . He formed his own political caller the sierra Leonean Peoples Party (SLPP ) and ran for portion . His spill attractorship , merely , did little to change the status quo inherited from the British . Some suggest that his fourth dimension in force out saw a period of accredited res publica in sierra Leone , while others suggest that Margai s rule saw the extraction of business politics ground on the networks that had emerged from decentralised mark off of infield digging areas (Hirsh ) William Reno for one suggests that the physical composition of a shadow state was scratch line at this ageUpon the end of Milton Margai in 1964 , his brother Albert Margai assumed his position as fellowship draw and withalk on the parting of aged Minister . Under Albert Margai the expressive style of computer backup politics was make headwayly unambiguous (Riley 4 ) Patronage networks bolstered the party s support and increased its revenues . Support of local chiefs through reliever networks withal kept each rival at bay and became a specific strategy in SLPP politics . In gain ground , it has been suggested that the SLPP networks drew support from the Mende group from a hinterland population from the south of the country . This do the party more ethnically oriented in its stomach networks causing some amount of ethnic tension deep down the country (Hirsh 28 ) Increases in condescend revenues meant a deny in state revenues and public trainings . This led to a polarisation mingled with those benefiting from the stand networks (primarily those in office and those at heart the Freetown area and those who relied on the state for wellbeing (predominantly the bucolic population ) This was a trim that was set to continue as the attractership in sierra Leone changed handsThe SLPP s main face-off at the meter came for the All Peoples congress ( armored personnel carrier , formed by Siaka Stevens , a provincial trade conjugation leader in the diamond excavation areas of Marampa and Yenegema . The armoured personnel carrier s program consisted of their appeals to grassroots support and the offspring working in the diamond mining regions . The party is as well as said to have pore its attention on the Temne and Limba populations from the promote union of sierra Leone , thus compounding the split between northerly and southern establish ethnic groups , in 1967 the APC narrowly won causality from the SLPP in the worldwide alternative (Hirsh 28-9The results of this election were disputed by Albert Margai who encouraged a serviceman coup in the showing of his fall from antecedent . visitation to compliancy the election results undermined the in store(predicate) of popular processes in sierra Leone , which were already showing signs of strain with the maturation helpage politics . obligingizedian rule was in conclusion restored in 1968 after some(prenominal) more coups and counter coups and Stevens finally in additionk his place as the true(a) Prime Minister . Hirsh notes however , that this turn of events set a fountain for ground forces coups which would elicit sierra Leone in categorys to come (Hirsh 29 ) Under Stevens rule , this decline in au becauseceticity continued as democratic leadership was toss under Siaka Stevens to be replaced by autocratic rule , depravation and political mismanagement that would duad a thirty course of instruction periodUpon gaining mogul Stevens consolidated a system of patrimonial rule base on his stash away presenter- client networks . During his heptadteen historic period in mightiness , Stevens ensured that the multi party democracy set in place at the end of colonial rule was transformed into a one party system found on general depravity and frequenter-client networks . Upon gaining power , Stevens terminus was to establish strong political government agency . The weak institutions and the comparatively poor prudence left over(p) bed by British rule were an obstacle to this polish . The democratic system of governance was abandoned and a system of personal rule was bit by bit installed . In 1978 Stevens secured this personal rule system by formally declaring a one party stateRiley suggests that a personality cult developed around Stevens from this term and all form of agonistic politics was destroyed (5 Stevens rule lasted from 1968 to 1985 . During this sentence patronage networks set up around the diamond mining industry bolstered Steven s authority and increased his revenues . As Reno suggests . lax shadow state techniques , especially interventions to control the production and permutation of diamonds , streng then(prenominal) Steven s rule even as they stopped state institutions of resources and the mover to aid the country s people (80 ) Before Stevens came to power , the discovery of diamonds in sierra Leone had led to revenues of over 200 one million million for the country s formal thriftiness . By the time Stevens reign ended in 1985 this revenue had fallen drastically . Figures from 1987 suggest that the diamond revenues passing through formal channels amounted to only(prenominal) hundred ,000 (Reno 116 ) The centralised state became a actor to and ends for Stevens , allowing him to consolidate his power and revenuesIn 1985 the aging Stevens retired from office for health reasons and installed his chosen successor , former head of the sierra Leonean troops Joseph Momoh as leader of the country . Momoh made various attempts to revitalise the failing sierra Leonean deliverance , implementing structural valuation reserve programmes as stipulated by international creditors such as the IMF and existence Bank . He in addition essay to replace umpteen of Stevens cronies in to reduce degeneration among government ranks (Riley 5 withal , although Stevens had interpreted his retirement , he remained in the wings with his marrow on government and power . He and his cronies continued to hold formal and informal networks through the starting line years of Momoh s rule , thus retaining their patronage networks and continuing to careen much of the mineral wealth among themselves and their ally .With state revenues move , Momoh became change magnitudely dependent on external help . Foreign aid became a major part of sierra Leone s income from the late mid-eighties . At a time when many African states were losing external backing as a result of the ending of cutting War hostilities sierra Leone found its external tending increasing . Bangura notes that sierra Leone was never conglomerate in Cold War ties for the manipulation of external assistance and on that pointfore did not suffer the identical reversal of funding as many African states did at that time (Bangura 132-33 ) Nevertheless , the loss of revenue taken by rival patronage networks and the world sink in primary commodity prices at the time was winning its toll on the sierra Leonean economy . Momoh was in an increasingly complex situationHe needed to bolster his own networks in to bolster his power and finance public run (including the auspices services that protected his rule , and to retain hard-core supporters . At the comparable time he needed to get the send of irrelevant creditors who were kickoff to withdraw from the failing economy . In other terminology , Momoh needed to pay off his supporters and run what remained of the formal state (Reno 117 ) soon enough with a commenceing number of Stevens strongmen taking hold of the diamond trade and its revenues , and the flagellum of a coup should he try to remove them from their positions , Momoh began to meet he was in derange . An attempted coup in 1987 confirmed his fears and grittylighted for Momoh that his only filling was to regain control of the country s diamond mining areasBy 1991 , the situation in sierra Leone had immensely deteriorated . Human risk was high and Momoh s policies had done little to end the corruptness and patronage insert in the Sierra Leonean system . In addition , the structural adjustment programmes undertaken throughout APC rule to try and revamp the economy had in actual fact exacerbated problems of underdevelopment and amicable forcing out and further eroded the debased state (Zack-Williams 143 ) In late run into 1991 a rise up group made up of dissident Sierra Leoneans , known as the revolutionist fall in expect (RUF , invaded Sierra Leone from neighbouring Liberia a country already in the midst of a cultured war . As the group advanced through eastern Sierra Leone , they announce that their aim was to overthrow the Momoh government and corrupt the farm the country to multiparty democracy (Francis 107-8The rebel group was headed by Foday Sankoh (a former corporal in the Sierra Leonean troops ) and comprised of exiled Sierra Leoneans , and Liberian and Burkinabe mercenaries (Francis 107 ) Their invasion of Sierra Leone was aided by then Liberian president Charles Taylor . Taylor back the rebels in to bolster his own objectives in the Liberian civil war , which included the cosmos of a Greater Liberia economically viable areas of Sierra Leone were conquered by the RUF as they advanced transversal the country . The foreign exchange subsequently earned from trade in these areas was used in Liberia to support Charles Taylor s rebel gang the National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL (Reno 123It has been suggested that Charles Taylor was similarly supportive of the RUF because of their electric resistance to Momoh . Taylor is said to have held a grudge against Momoh for his earlier function in providing a base for ECOWAS troops to deploy into Liberia in an attempt to bring down the NPFL and end the war there . Other business relationships for Taylor s support point to the fact that Taylor and RUF leader Sankoh had both had military training together in Libya and held similar overpower managews on overthrowing authoritarian governments based on Libyan leader Colonel Gadaffi s Green Book . whatsoever the many reasons for Liberia s involvement in Sierra Leone , any apprehensiveness of the conflict must take into account the Liberian tie-in and its role in , at the least , exacerbating the conflictMomoh s government fought the RUF with the help of the Military proofreader Group (ECOMOG ) of the Economic companionship of West African States (ECOWAS except , the soldiers in the Sierra Leonean soldiers (SLA ) fighting to protect the government and dispel RUF rebels from their strongholds soon became disappoint with their role in the war . Poorly paid and under resourced , many soldiers heavily resented the Momoh regime as well , hi 1992 mutiny among junior officers in the SLA resulted in a military coup that removed Momoh from power before the RUF could achieve the same goal (Francis 109The coup was led by twenty seven year old soldiers captain Valentine Strasser . He and his officers formed the National Provisional judgement Council (NPRC ) and Strasser excessivelyk his place at the head of a ruling military junta . The NPRC made claims that its intentions were to restore the economy and stabilise the country in preparation for democratic elections . The NRPC was thus perceived by many in Sierra Leone to be their rescuer indeed this action won Valentine Strasser the nickname the deliverer . Resources excessively became important to the NPRC and the claims just about freeing Sierra Leone from corruption and pauperisation soon sour to rhetoric as the NPRC too became embroiled in the diamond trade in to accolade their political claims . As Francis notes the objectives of the NPRC were compromised by the economic and political opportunities provided by the war , whereby the constitutional army became involved in the crook exploitation of the diamond resources (Francis 109The war continued , but did not reach Freetown until 1995 . During this time state revenues collapsed almost completely . By 1995 state institutions were first base to implode . The country was in turmoil Between 1991 and 1996 at least 25 ,000 people were killed in the fighting (Reno 126 ) some more were wounded or maimed for life . The RUF became disreputable for its violent tactics , in particular the amputation of limbs in to introduce bratwurst into their victims . During this period 1 .5 million people , closely a third of the population , had become refugees (Francis 129 ) Newly elect in 1996 President Kabbah a avaritia to end the use of hidden security firms , which were seen as problematic by the international corporation because of their lack of sovereign status and orphic motivations .

Keeping to this symmetry , EO was asked to leave Sierra Leone upon completion if their contract in 1997 (Howe 315 At this time the peace savvy was get to fall isolated before it had been fully implementedOn July 7th 1999 a third peace treaty to end the war , the capital of Togo Agreement , was sign . inside the peace contract , a stronger role for the UN observer com commissioning was agreed , in to make do implementation of the agreement . The UN mission was renamed UNAMSIL and a resolution was passed in the UN bail Council to allow for the deployment of an initial 6000 peacekeepers . This was later expanded to allow for up to 17 ,500 troops , the largest UN peacekeeping force ever deployed (Bones 59-60 ) Lome peace agreement was marred by a resurgence of violence in 2000 and in the May of that year British forces intervened in the civil war following the puss of 500 UN peacekeepers by RUF rebels (United Nations ) formalized peace was declared in Sierra Leone in January 2002 and elections were held in May of that year . President Kabbah won with a landslip victory that secured a volume government for the SLPP (BBC OnlineExplaining War in Sierra LeoneA number of interpretations of the Sierra Leonean conflict have been offered over the years , including Kaplan s thesis on new dialect . As a direct take exception to Kaplan s thesis , Paul Richards has suggested that the conflict in Sierra Leone had little to do with cultural clash environmental scarcity or a return to primordialism or anarchy . Instead he has suggested that the conflict in Sierra Leone resulted from a crisis of patrimonialism , social exception and the rational use of violence as a means by which to figure political objectives . He notes that the RUF had clear political objectives pertaining to social factors including poverty , and a lack of welfare provision and education facilities by the state , which led to the social extrusion of much of the provincial population (Richards xxRichards main intelligence of the war in Sierra Leone is provided in his argument that the country was detriment from a crisis of patrimonialism . This type of account has been particularly expounded as a cause of African conflict and has in many other chances of conflict seeed credible as an explanation . By patrimonial crisis Richards means that loss of patrimonial revenues , normally caused by the withdrawal of foreign aid and slumps in the primary commodity markets led to popular unrest . Yet does this explanation really fit the representative of Sierra Leone ? Bangura points out that if political leaders were the beneficiaries of the patronage networks quite a than the population (including the RUF , then this view is difficult to accept (Bangura one hundred thirty ) If the population had for the most part been left without revenue , then any crisis of patrimonialism would still not affect them moreover , as we have seen , aid flows to Sierra Leone were unbendable throughout this period and Sierra Leone did not suffer the same consequences from the end of the Cold War as many of their African neighbours did . This casts doubts on the idea that any crisis of patrimonialism occurred . In Sierra Leone then , this explanation for conflict is peradventure not the most win over . Bangura s counter argument however , pops to fit historical figure more closely , suggesting that patrimonialism was in fact thriving at the expense of the formal stateThe cast that emerges instead is that of a financial crisis [of the central state] , which affects the general state administration and provisioning , and the fortunes of those who depend upon the state for their livelihood . In other words , the poverty of the state is positively correlated with the profusion of the patrimonial groups . These groups as most Sierra Leoneans know , were insensitive to the absorb of those who operated outside of the patrimonial networks (Bangura 133Kaplan s thesis aside , ethnicity has also been posited by some scholars as an explanation for conflict in Sierra Leone . However , many have also storied that the politicisation of ethnic identity has been a part of Sierra Leonean politics since long before the civil war began in 1991 and had not resulted in conflict . Moreover , as Riley noted in 1996 whilst the RUF has exploit rural and ethnic grievances , it has also operated increasingly across the absolute country . All ethnic identities have suffered (Riley 121-26 ) The salience of ethnicity seems unadorned within the Sierra Leonean scene and should certainly be noted in any attempts to drift peace in the country . However , it would appear that ethnicity per se has not to be an decree source of conflict in Sierra LeoneStephen Riley , also bully to dispel the new brutality thesis suggested that two general positions on the causes of conflict in Sierra Leone have been put forward (Riley 4-11 ) One concentrates on the role of the central state and another looks to the role of rebel forces and rural society . In the former , state corruption , the weakness of government institutions and the softness of the state to provide for the population are considered central causes of war . In addition , the actions of international institutions such as the domain of a function Bank and IMF are also thought to have vie a large role in the decline of the economy and the state with Sierra Leone , lead eventually to conflictOther arguments have suggested a more economic creation for the war positing the exploitation of infixed resources , informal markets and patronage networks as major sources of violent conflict in Sierra Leone The struggle to control and exploit lucrative resources such as diamonds and alluvial gold has certainly been a strong factor in the Sierra Leone conflict . Leonard and Straus pen that in the case of Sierra Leone civil conflict was able to persist because of enclave production : the mining of natural resources , which did not rely on state legitimacy and control to produce lettuce and revenues to support the various factions (Leonard and Straus 104 ) Resources can and do act to send away and sustain conflicts , however , is financial incentive alone a reason for conflict numerous analyses have suggested that greed has been at the source of conflict in Sierra Leone . However , such analyses may be too simplisticResources can certainly act as a atom smasher for conflict further there are many indicators to suggest that economic benefit alone is not the long goal of conflict . For display case , in spite of tyrannical much of the country s diamond wealth , the RUF and in particular RUF leader Foday Sankoh were not conform to enough with their wealth to implement peace agreements during the 1990s , and Sankoh was particularly keen to establish a righteousness to the vice organization within the Abidjan Agreement . In the case of Sierra Leone , it has been argued that greed and economic motivations are not the end in themselves , but the means to an end , i .e . the increase of state power (Francis 117The struggle for state power however may not represent the struggle for a political alternative . With state power comes the ability to control revenues at both domestic help and international levels . Power can allow for personal tiptop through the control of patron client networks and warlord politics , hi similar vein , William Reno offers an understanding of the Sierra Leone conflict based on the rise of a shadow state , which allows for the emergence of rulers who can gain control of markets , both formal and informal , for their financial benefits . This is certainly evident in Sierra Leone with its invoice of patronage and the struggle between all factions in the war to control or gain from natural resource marketsConclusionSierra Leone s history is long and complex . However , many of these complexities and details from the past offer an understanding of the underpinnings of the crisis in Sierra Leone as well as explaining how the war became so protract . It is clear form the history detailed preceding(prenominal) , that the role of the state and the actions of politcal leaders are important to the context of the war . In addition , the approachability of natural resources certainly had a drastic effect on the situation in Sierra Leone both before and during the conflict . Other factors too compete an important part in shaping events in Sierra LeoneThe role of regional and international actors , both state and non state must be taken into account in any explanation of events . Many of the explanations for conflict in Sierra Leone reviewed here overlap and intertwine . In other words the motivative(prenominal) factors suggested by individual scholars appear to be inextricably marry to other socio-economic and political factors . What is clear from all the explanations outlined to a higher place is that no one changeable is necessary or decorous enough to account for the civil war . Instead , a multiplicity of underlie and triggering factors feature to produce a drawn-out and horrifically violent civil warIn the case of Sierra Leone , many of the vestigial factors that led to war seem to be historical , associate to colonial inheritance . A weak central state characterised by ineffective rule in rural areas and combine with a tradition of patron client relations resulted in poor institutional facilities and mass underdevelopment within the country This in turn allowed spheres of patron client networks to persist and further develop and a state system of patrimonial rule to arouse , thus replacing any semblance of democracy in place at independence in 1961 The availability of natural resources acted as fuel for these patron client networks and furthered the socio-economic decay and underdevelopment that excluded much of the population from prosperity and welfare . In addition , enclave production accounts in many slipway for the persistence of conflict within the country . The war was able to continue because the funds to do so were availableReferencesAllen , Chris Warfare , indigenous Violence and State pay in Africa Review of African policy-making Economy , 26 , 81 (September 1999 : 367-387Bangura , Yusuf Understanding the semipolitical and Cultural Dynamics of the Sierra Leone War : a look back of Paul Richards s Fighting for the rain forest Africa Development , 2 , 3 (1997 : 117-171BBC News state of matter pros : Sierra Leone Timeline , BBC Online .Bones , Alan fictitious character Study : easekeeping in Sierra Leone in Rob Macrae and Don Huebert (eds ) Human warranter and the New fineness : protect People and Promoting Peace , Montreal and capital of Jamaica : McGill-Queens University pickle , 2001Chabal ,and Daloz , J .P , Africa flora : Dis as a political Instrument (Oxford : pack Currey , 1999Collier , Paul Economic Causes for Civil Conflict and their Implications for Policy in Crocker , Chester . 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Youth and Resources in Sierra Leone . 2nd Ed , Oxford : Heineman , 1998Riley , Stephen .Liberia and Sierra Leone , Anarchy or Peace in West Africa Conflict Studies , 287 (February 1996UK Foreign and landed estate Office , Country Pros : Sierra Leone .United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone : Civil Affairs fraction Progress Report : lieutenant Indicators : Restoration of State empowerment and Recovery UN Report , frame in , 2003Zack-Williams , A .B Sierra Leone : the Political economy of civil war 1991-98 Third World every quarter , 20 ,1 (1999 : 143-162PAGEPAGE 14 ...If you trust to get a full essay, order it on our website: Orderessay

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